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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Wearable sensors have traditionally been used to measure and monitor vital human signs for well-being and healthcare applications. However, there is a growing interest... (Review)
Review
Wearable sensors have traditionally been used to measure and monitor vital human signs for well-being and healthcare applications. However, there is a growing interest in using and deploying these technologies to facilitate teaching and learning, particularly in a higher education environment. The aim of this paper is therefore to systematically review the range of wearable devices that have been used for enhancing the teaching and delivery of engineering curricula in higher education. Moreover, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of these devices according to the location in which they are worn on the human body. According to our survey, wearable devices for enhanced learning have mainly been worn on the head (e.g., eyeglasses), wrist (e.g., watches) and chest (e.g., electrocardiogram patch). In fact, among those locations, head-worn devices enable better student engagement with the learning materials, improved student attention as well as higher spatial and visual awareness. We identify the research questions and discuss the research inclusion and exclusion criteria to present the challenges faced by researchers in implementing learning technologies for enhanced engineering education. Furthermore, we provide recommendations on using wearable devices to improve the teaching and learning of engineering courses in higher education.
Topics: Human Body; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Technology; Wearable Electronic Devices; Wrist
PubMed: 36236732
DOI: 10.3390/s22197633 -
Anatomical Science International Jan 2023Utilization of human material in surgical simulation training has been well-established as an effective teaching method. Despite the value of donor-based surgical... (Review)
Review
Utilization of human material in surgical simulation training has been well-established as an effective teaching method. Despite the value of donor-based surgical simulation training, its application may be hampered by difficulties regarding access to donated bodies. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess body donation and body acquisition practices with regard to surgical simulation training programs around the world. The results of this review highlight discrepancies regarding body donation practices and surgical simulation programs among continents and countries. The utilization of donor bodies in surgical simulation appears to mirror body donation practices. In countries that rely mostly or exclusively upon unclaimed bodies or executed criminals, there are scant reports of donor-based surgical simulation programs. In countries where willed-body donation is the principal source of human material, there tend to be many surgical simulation programs that incorporate human material as part of surgical training. This review suggests that, in anatomical and surgical education, the utilization of active willed-body donation programs, as opposed to the utilization of unclaimed human bodies, positively corresponds with the development of beneficial donor-based surgical simulation programs. Likewise, donor-based surgical simulation training programs may have an influence on the perpetualization of willed-body donations.
Topics: Humans; Human Body; Cadaver; Tissue Donors; Anatomy
PubMed: 36227535
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00689-0 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Ticks transmit several arthropod-borne pathogens in New York State. The primary human-biting ticks in this region are Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and...
Ticks transmit several arthropod-borne pathogens in New York State. The primary human-biting ticks in this region are Ixodes scapularis, Amblyomma americanum, and Dermacentor variabilis. Body regions where tick bites human vary depending on the tick species and life stage, and clothing worn by the host. A community tick submission system was used to acquire information about bite-site location prior to pathogen testing to understand species and life stage-specific body-segment preferences. These data resulted in the identification of species-specific preferences for location, with D. variabilis preferentially biting the head and neck and A. americanum preferring the thighs, groin, and abdomen. Ixodes scapularis was found across the body, although it showed a significant life stage difference with adults preferring the head, midsection, and groin, while nymphs/larvae preferred the extremities. Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi resulted in a significant change in attachment site. This provides an assessment of which body region ticks of the most common species in New York are likely to be found.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; New York; Ixodes; Borrelia burgdorferi; Arthropods; Abdominal Cavity
PubMed: 36463334
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25486-7 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic... (Review)
Review
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
Topics: Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Hepatocytes; Human Body; Humans; Liver
PubMed: 35684337
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113401 -
Journal of Anatomy Apr 2020The structure of the human body and its parts is of obvious relevance in medicine, but it has also played a role in art. Accurate observation of surface or external... (Review)
Review
The structure of the human body and its parts is of obvious relevance in medicine, but it has also played a role in art. Accurate observation of surface or external anatomy is essential in both disciplines, and its understanding has been enhanced by knowledge of what is found beneath the skin, the internal anatomy, usually based on dissection. The role of anatomy in art in general, and in academies of art in particular, is the theme of this paper. The revival of dissection in 14th-century Italy was, if not causative, at least coincidental with the Renaissance. In 1563, Vasari founded the Accademia del Disegno in Florence, with una Anatomia included in its regulations. As a liberal art taught by university graduates, anatomy helped raise the status of painters and sculptors from artisans to artists and from guild to academy. Anatomy teaching was required in subsequent academies in Rome (1593) and Paris (1648), where the pattern of drawing from drawings, from casts, and from life was established and a Professor of Anatomy appointed in 1777. Anatomy was central to two of the Academy's most important genres, history painting and portraiture. The Academy system, with its emphasis on anatomy, spread to other European cities and to the Caribbean and the Americas from the 17th to the 19th centuries. This paper is concerned with the role of anatomy in the founding of art academies in general, while its companion paper, 'A Tale of Two Cities', considers the cases of the academies in London and Dublin in particular.
Topics: Anatomy; Dissection; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; Human Body; Humans; Italy; Medicine in the Arts
PubMed: 31813164
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13131 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Dec 2017Medical practice is a form of art, with each complex detail essential to the welfare of the individuals in the care of the physician. Art and medicine have shared a... (Review)
Review
Medical practice is a form of art, with each complex detail essential to the welfare of the individuals in the care of the physician. Art and medicine have shared a close relationship in a variety of ways for centuries, as demonstrated by anatomical drawings and textbooks from the 16th century. Leonardo da Vinci, driven by his fascination with the details of the human body and how it functioned, succeeded in creating an anatomical model of the cerebral ventricles and the aorta using molten wax and a glass structure, respectively (Heart and Its Blood Vessels). By using water that contained grass seeds, this experiment enabled him to study blood flow. da Vinci's engrossment with the complexity of the human body is reflected in many of his drawings, including the famous depiction of the human physique in his drawing of the Vitruvian Man. This drawing, which defines the ideal proportions of the human body and their correlation with geometry, is an example of how artistic and scientific objectives integrate with each other.
Topics: Famous Persons; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 19th Century; Human Body; Humans; Medicine in the Arts; Paintings; Rheumatic Diseases
PubMed: 29235741
DOI: No ID Found -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Jan 2022As an essential trace element, selenium (Se) plays a tremendous role in the functioning of the human organism being used for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins (proteins... (Review)
Review
As an essential trace element, selenium (Se) plays a tremendous role in the functioning of the human organism being used for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins (proteins containing one or several selenocysteine residues). The functions of human selenoproteins in vivo are extremely diverse. Many selenoproteins have an antioxidant activity and, hence, play a key role in cell antioxidant defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis, which accounts for their involvement in diverse biological processes, such as signal transduction, proliferation, cell transformation and aging, ferroptosis, immune system functioning, etc. One of the critical functions of selenoenzymes is participation in the synthesis of thyroid hormones regulating basal metabolism in all body tissues. Over the last decades, optimization of population Se intake for prevention of diseases related to Se deficiency or excess has been recognized as a pressing issue in modern healthcare worldwide.
Topics: Human Body; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Selenium; Selenoproteins
PubMed: 35501994
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297922140139 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2022Deceased human bodies are donated for education and research. Informed consent has become the standard for research on the living. A question could be asked on how...
Deceased human bodies are donated for education and research. Informed consent has become the standard for research on the living. A question could be asked on how informed are the donors and their families about the process before this generous gift is given. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the published donation forms used by body donation programs in the United States and assess them according to the guidelines published by the American Association of Clinical Anatomists. The findings of this study shows that the level of information given to donors and families, before consenting to whole body donation, varies greatly throughout the United States. Many of the forms fail to include the recommendations made by professional societies. Additional information needs to be added to whole body donation forms to better inform donors and families about the donation process, what happens to the body, and the final disposition of the bodies once studies are completed. Overall, it was concluded that in some cases consent is being obtained but much more needs to be done before institutions can claim to obtain informed consent.
Topics: Anatomists; Human Body; Humans; Informed Consent; Tissue Donors; Tissue and Organ Procurement; United States
PubMed: 34431553
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23780 -
Journal of Anatomy Feb 2022Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, is still recognized today-above all for his oil paintings and mechanical inventions. His anatomical studies have attracted...
Leonardo da Vinci, the Renaissance polymath, is still recognized today-above all for his oil paintings and mechanical inventions. His anatomical studies have attracted less attention, even though he devoted over 30 years of his life to them. This paper outlines Leonardo's career and research methods and focuses on the importance of his medical images for anatomical research and teaching. Following a short presentation of the state of (dental) medicine in the early Renaissance period, it offers a description of five of his cranial drawings that show the anatomy of the teeth, the nervous and vascular system on inner and outer tables of the skull and the paranasal sinuses in great detail. Leonardo da Vinci had obviously discovered and depicted the maxillary sinus 150 years before the anatomist Nathaniel Highmore, who is usually credited with this discovery. Other anatomical drawings by Leonardo address the correct human dental formula and describe the morphology of the four types of teeth. His handwritten notes show that he recognized the connection between tooth form and function. Finally, this paper evaluates the influence of these discoveries and innovations on the development of dentistry and its establishment as a scientific discipline. There is no doubt that Leonardo da Vinci's preoccupation with the anatomy of the maxillofacial region influenced the development of anatomy and dentistry, even though he never published his anatomical research.
Topics: Anatomy; Famous Persons; Head; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; Human Body; Humans; Male; Skull; Tooth
PubMed: 34595744
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13561 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Aug 2022Body-on-a-chip (BoC) platforms are established from multiple organs-on-chips (OoCs) to recapitulate the interactions between different tissues. Recently,...
Body-on-a-chip (BoC) platforms are established from multiple organs-on-chips (OoCs) to recapitulate the interactions between different tissues. Recently, Vunjak-Novakovic and colleagues reported the creation of a BoC system comprising four fluidically linked OoCs. Herein, the major innovations in their BoC system are discussed, followed by our future perspectives on enhancing the physiological relevance and scalability of BoCs for applications in studying disease mechanisms, testing potential therapeutics, and developing personalized medicine.
Topics: Human Body; Humans; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 35987699
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03130-5